Dental Glossary

Abscess: an infection of a tooth, soft tissue, or bone.

Abutment: tooth or teeth on either side of a missing tooth that support a fixed or removable bridge.

Acrylic resin: the plastic widely used in dentistry.

Adjustment: a modification made upon a dental prosthesis after it has been completed and inserted into the mouth.

Analgesia: a state of pain relief; an agent for lessening pain.

Anesthesia: a type of medication that results in partial or complete elimination of pain sensation; numbing a tooth is an example of local anesthesia; general anesthesia produces partial or complete unconsciousness.

Anterior teeth: These are the teeth at the front of your mouth, six upper and six lower.

Arch: a description of the alignment of the upper or lower teeth.

Bicuspid: the fourth and fifth teeth from the center of the mouth to the back of the mouth. These are the back teeth that are used for chewing; they only have two points (cusps). Adults have eight bicuspids (also called premolars), two in front of each group of molars.

Bite: relationship of the upper and lower teeth upon closure (occlusion).

Bleaching: chemical or laser treatment of natural teeth that uses peroxide to produce the whitening effect.

Bonding: the covering of a tooth surface with a tooth-colored composite to repair and/or change the color or shape of a tooth, for instance, due to stain or damage.

Braces: devices (bands, wires, ceramic appliances) put in place by orthodontists to gradually reposition teeth to a more favorable alignment.

Bridge: stationary dental prosthesis (appliance) fixed to teeth adjacent to a space; replaces one or more missing teeth, cemented or bonded to supporting teeth or implants adjacent to the space. Also called a fixed partial denture.

Bruxism: grinding or gnashing of the teeth, most commonly during sleep.

Calculus: hard, calcium-like deposits that form on teeth due to inadequate plaque control, often stained yellow or brown. Also called "tartar."

Canker sore: sores or small shallow ulcers that appear in the mouth and often make eating and talking uncomfortable; they last about a week in duration before disappearing.

Cap: common term for a dental crown.

Caries: tooth decay or "cavities."

Composite resin filling: tooth-colored restorative material composed of plastic with small glass or ceramic particles; usually "cured" or hardened with filtered light or chemical catalyst. An alternative to silver amalgam fillings.

Crown: an artificial cap that can be made of porcelain, composite, or metal and is cemented on top of the damaged tooth.

Cuspids: the third tooth from the center of the mouth to the back of the mouth. These are the front teeth that have one rounded or pointed edge used for biting. Also known as canines.

Cusps: the high points on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth.

Cyst: an abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material.

Decay: destruction of tooth structure caused by toxins produced by bacteria.

Demineralization: loss of mineral from tooth enamel just below the surface in a carious lesion; usually appears as a white area on the tooth surface.

Dentin: inner layer of tooth structure, immediately under the surface enamel.

Denture: a removable replacement of artificial teeth for missing natural teeth and surrounding tissues. Two types of dentures are available -- complete and partial. 

Dry mouth: a condition in which the flow of saliva is reduced and there is not enough saliva to keep the mouth moist. Dry mouth can be the result of certain medications, certain diseases, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes), certain medical treatments (such as head and neck radiation), as well as nerve damage, dehydration, tobacco use, and surgical removal of the salivary glands. Also called Xerostomia.

Enamel: the hard, mineralized material that covers the outside portion of the tooth that lies above the gum line (the crown).

Endodontics: a field of dentistry concerned with the biology and pathology of the dental pulp and root tissues of the tooth and with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries of these tissues. A root canal is a commonly performed endodontic procedure.

Endodontist: a dental specialist concerned with the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the human dental pulp or the nerve of the tooth.

Eruption: the emergence of the tooth from its position in the jaw.

Extraction: the removal of a tooth.

Filling: the restoration of lost tooth structure with metal, porcelain, or resin materials.

Flossing: is a thread-like material used to clean between the contact areas of teeth; part of a good daily oral hygiene plan.

Fluoride: is a mineral that helps strengthen teeth enamel making teeth less susceptible to decay. Fluoride is ingested through food or water, is available in most toothpastes, or can be applied as a gel or liquid to the surface of teeth by a dentist.

Fluorosis: is the discoloration of the enamel due to too much fluoride ingestion (greater than one part per million) into the bloodstream, also called enamel mottling.

Gingiva: the soft tissue that surrounds the base of the teeth; the pink tissue around the teeth.

Gingivectomy: surgical removal of gum tissue.

Gingivitis: inflamed, swollen, and reddish gum tissue that may bleed easily when touched or brushed. It is the first step in a series of events that begins with plaque build up in the mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with periodontitis and tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth.

Gingivoplasty: a procedure performed by periodontists to reshape the gum tissue.

Gold fillings: an alternative to silver amalgam fillings.

Gum recession: exposure of dental roots due to shrinkage of the gums as a result of abrasion, periodontal disease, or surgery.

Halitosis: bad breath of oral or gastrointestinal origin.

Hard palate: the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth.

Hygienist: a licensed, auxiliary dental professional who is both an oral health educator and clinician who uses preventive, therapeutic, and educational methods to control oral disease.

Hypersensitivity: a sharp, sudden painful reaction in teeth when exposed to hot, cold, sweet, sour, salty, chemical, or mechanical stimuli.

Immediate denture: a complete or partial denture that is made in advance and can be positioned as soon as the natural teeth are removed.

Impacted tooth: a tooth that is partially or completely blocked from erupting through the surface of the gum. An impacted tooth may push other teeth together or damage the bony structures supporting the adjacent tooth. Often times, impacted teeth must be surgically removed.

Implant: a metal rod (usually made of titanium) that is surgically placed into the upper or lower jawbone where a tooth is missing; it serves as the tooth root and anchor for the crown, bridge, or denture that is placed over it.

Impression: mold made of the teeth and soft tissues.

Incision and drainage: surgical incision of an abscess to drain pus.

Incisors: four upper and four lower front teeth, excluding the cuspids (canine teeth). These teeth are used primarily for biting and cutting.

Inlay: similar to a filling but the entire work lies within the cusps (bumps) on the chewing surface of the tooth.

Jawbone: The hard bone that supports the face and includes alveolar bone, which anchors the teeth.

Malocclusion: "bad bite" or misalignment of the teeth or jaws.

Mandible: the lower jaw.

Maxilla: the upper jaw.

Molars: three back teeth in each dental quadrant used for grinding food.

Mouth guard: a soft-fitted device that is inserted into the mouth and worn over the teeth to protect them against impact or injury.

Muscle relaxant: a type of medication often prescribed to reduce stress.

Nerve: tissue that conveys sensation, temperature, and position information to the brain.

Night guard: a removable acrylic appliance that fits over the upper and lower teeth used to prevent wear and temporomandibular damage caused by grinding or gnashing of the teeth during sleep.

Ninitrous oxide: a gas (also called laughing gas) used to reduce patient anxiety.

Occlusion: the relationship of the upper and lower teeth when the mouth is closed.

Onlay: a type of restoration (filling) made of metal, porcelain, or acrylic that is more extensive than an inlay in that it covers one or more cusps. Onlays are sometimes called partial crowns.

Oral cavity: the mouth.

Oral and maxillofacial radiologist: a oral health care provider who specializes in the production and interpretation of all types of X-ray images and data that are used in the diagnosis and management of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral and maxillofacial region.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery: surgical procedures on the mouth including extractions, removal of cysts or tumors, and repair of fractured jaws.

Oral hygiene: process of maintaining cleanliness of the teeth and related structures.

Oral medicine: the specialty of dentistry that provides for the care of the medically complex patient through the integration of medicine and oral health care.

Oral pathologist: the oral health care provider who studies the causes of diseases that alter or affect the oral structures (teeth, lips, cheeks, jaws) as well as parts of the face and neck.

Oral surgeon: the oral health care provider who performs many types of surgical procedures in and around the entire face, mouth, and jaw area.

Orthodontics: dental specialty that using braces, retainers, and other dental devices to treat misalignment of teeth, restoring them to proper functioning.

Orthodontist: the oral health provider who specializes in diagnosis, prevention, interception, and treatment of malocclusions, or "bad bites," of the teeth and surrounding structures. This is the specialist whose responsibility it is to straighten teeth by movement of the teeth through bone by the use of bands, wires, braces, and other fixed or removable corrective appliances or retainers.

Overbite: an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a vertical overlap of the front teeth.

Overjet: an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a horizontal overlap of the front teeth.

Overdenture: denture that fits over residual roots or dental implants.

Palate: hard and soft tissue forming the roof of the mouth.

Panoramic X-ray: a type of X-ray that shows a complete two dimensional representation of all the teeth in the mouth. This X-rays also shows the relationship of the teeth to the jaws and the jaws to the head.

Partial denture: a removable appliance that replaces some of the teeth in either the upper or lower jaw.

Pedodontics or pediatric dentistry: dental specialty focusing on treatment of infants, children, and young adults.

Pedodontist or pediatric dentist: the oral health care provider who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the dental problems of children from infancy to early adulthood.

Periodontist: the dental specialist who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases of the soft tissues of the mouth (the gums) and the supporting structures (bones) of the teeth (both natural and man-made teeth).

Periodontitis: a more advanced stage of periodontal disease in which the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets and alveolar bone is destroyed.

Periodontium: The tissue that lines the socket into which the root of the tooth fits.

Plaque: a colorless, sticky film composed of undigested food particles mixed with saliva and bacteria that constantly forms on the teeth. Plaque left alone eventually turns in to tartar or calculus and is the main factor in causing dental caries and periodontal disease.

Porcelain: a tooth-colored, sand-like material; much like enamel in appearance.

Porcelain crown: all porcelain restoration covering the coronal portion of tooth (above the gum line).

Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crown: restoration with metal caping (for strength) covered by porcelain (for appearance).

Porcelain inlay or onlay: tooth-colored restoration made of porcelain, cemented or bonded in place.

Primary teeth: the first set of 20 temporary teeth. Also called baby teeth, the primary dentition, or deciduous teeth, normally fall out one by one between 6 and 12 years of age.

Prophylaxis: the cleaning of the teeth for the prevention of periodontal disease and tooth decay.

Prosthetics: a fixed or removable appliance used to replace missing teeth (for example, bridges, partials, and dentures).

Prosthodontist: a dental specialist who is skilled in restoring or replacing teeth with fixed or removable prostheses (appliances), maintaining proper occlusion; treats facial deformities with artificial prostheses such as eyes, ears, and noses.

Pulp: the living part of the tooth, located inside the dentin. Pulp contains the nerve tissue and blood vessels that supply nutrients to the tooth.

Radio wave therapy: a therapy involving the use of low level electrical stimulation to increase blood flow and provide pain relief. In dentistry, this is one type of therapy that can be applied to the joint of individuals with temporomandibular disorder.

Recontouring: a procedure in which small amounts of tooth enamel are removed to change a tooth's length, shape, or surface. Also called odontoplasty, enameloplasty, stripping, or slenderizing.

Remineralization: redeposition or replacement of the tooth's minerals into a demineralized (previously decayed) lesion. This reverses the decay process, and is enhanced by the presence of topical fluoride.

Restorations: any replacement for lost tooth structure or teeth; for example, bridges, dentures, fillings, crowns, and implants.

Retainer: a removable appliance used to maintain teeth in a given position (usually worn at night).

Root: tooth structure that connects the tooth to the jaw.

Root canal therapy: procedure used to save an abscessed tooth in which the pulp chamber is cleaned out, disinfected, and filled with a permanent filling.

Saliva: clear lubricating fluid in the mouth containing water, enzymes, bacteria, mucus, viruses, blood cells and undigested food particles.

Salivary glands: glands located under tongue and in cheeks that produce saliva.

Scaling and root planing: a deep-cleaning, nonsurgical procedure whereby plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line are scraped away (scaling) and rough spots on the tooth root are made smooth (planing).

Sealants: a thin, clear or white resin substance that is applied to the biting surfaces of teeth to prevent decay.

Sedative: a type of medication used to reduce pain and anxiety, and create a state of relaxation.

Soft palate: the back one-third of the roof of the mouth composed of soft tissue.

Supernumerary tooth: an extra tooth.

Tartar: common term for dental calculus, a hard deposit that adheres to teeth; produces rough surface that attracts plaque.

Teething: baby teeth pushing through the gums.

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD)/temporomandibular joint (TMJ): the term given to a problem that concerns the muscles and joint that connect the lower jaw with the skull. The condition is characterized by facial pain and restricted ability to open or move the jaw. It is often accompanied by a clicking or popping sound when the jaw is opened or closed.

Tooth whitening: a chemical or laser process to lighten the color of teeth.

Topical anesthetic: ointment that produces mild anesthesia when applied to a soft tissue surface.

Transplant: placing a natural tooth in the empty socket of another tooth.

Trauma: injury caused by external force, chemical, temperature extremes, or poor tooth alignment.

Ultrasound: a treatment in which deep heat is applied to an affected area to relieve soreness or improve mobility. In dentistry, ultrasound can be used to treat temporomandibular disorders.

Underbite: when the lower jaw protrudes forward causing the lower jaw and teeth to extend out beyond the upper teeth.

Unerupted tooth: a tooth that has not pushed through the gum and assumed its correct position in the dental arch.

Veneer: a thin, custom-made shell of tooth-colored plastic or porcelain that are bonded directly to the front side of natural teeth to improve their appearance -- for example, to replace lost tooth structure, close spaces, straighten teeth, or change color and/or shape.

Wisdom teeth: third (last) molars that usually erupt at age 18-25.

Xerostomia: dry mouth or decrease in the production of saliva.